
From The
Guardian…
Jesse
Jackson, civil rights leader, dies aged 84
By Melissa
Hellmann and Martin Pengelly
The Rev Jesse
Jackson, the civil rights campaigner who was prominent for more than 50 years
and who ran strongly for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988, has
died. He was 84.
“Our father was
a servant leader – not only to our family, but to the oppressed, the voiceless,
and the overlooked around the world,” the Jackson family said in a statement.
“We shared him
with the world, and in return, the world became part of our extended family.
His unwavering belief in justice, equality, and love uplifted millions, and we
ask you to honor his memory by continuing the fight for the values he lived
by.”
No cause of
death was given.
Jackson had had
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) for more than a decade. He was originally
diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. He was also twice hospitalised with Covid
in recent years.
A fixture in
the civil rights movement and Democratic politics since the 1960s, Jackson was
once close to Dr Martin Luther King Jr.
In an interview
with the Guardian in May 2020, Jackson said: “I was a trailblazer, I was a
pathfinder. I had to deal with doubt and cynicism and fears about a Black
person running. There were Black scholars writing papers about why I was
wasting my time. Even Blacks said a Black couldn’t win.”
Twenty years
after his second run for president, the first Black president, Barack Obama,
saluted Jackson for making his victory possible. Obama celebrated in Chicago,
also home to Jackson.
“It was a big
moment in history,” Jackson told the Guardian, 12 years later. In an interview
with NPR, Jackson said: “I cried because I thought about those who made it
possible who were not there … People who paid a real price: Ralph Abernathy, Dr
King, Medgar Evers, Fannie Lou Hamer, those who fought like hell [at the
Democratic national convention] in Atlantic City in 64, those in the movement
in the south.”
During the
Covid pandemic, Jackson campaigned against disparities in care and outcomes, asking:
“After 400 years of slavery, segregation and discrimination, why would anybody
be shocked that African Americans are dying disproportionately from the
coronavirus?”
He also said
all past presidents had failed to “end the virus of white superiority and fix
the multifaceted issues confronting African Americans”.
Born on 8
October 1941 in Greenville, South Carolina, Jackson became involved in politics
at an early age as he navigated the segregated south. He was elected class
president at the all-Black Sterling high school, where he also excelled in
athletics. In 1959, he received a football scholarship to the University of
Illinois. The Chicago White Sox offered the young Jackson a spot on their
baseball team, but he decided to focus on his education instead.
During winter
break his freshman year of college, Jackson returned home to Greenville and
tried to obtain a book needed for his studies from the white-only Greenville
public library, but he was turned away. The experience stayed with him. A few
months later on 16 July 1960, Jackson and seven Black high school students
entered the Greenville library for a peaceful protest. After browsing the
library and reading books, the group later known as the Greenville Eight were
arrested for disorderly conduct and later released on a $30 bond. A judge
eventually ruled that they had the right to use the publicly funded
institution, and the Greenville library system became integrated in September
1960.
Jackson did not
return to the University of Illinois after his first year, and instead
transferred to the historically Black North Carolina Agricultural and Technical
College in Greensboro, where he played football as a quarterback, was the
national officer for the Black fraternity, Omega Psi Phi, and was elected the
student body president. While earning a sociology degree, he also continued his
activism by participating in sit-ins at restaurants in Greensboro.
“My leadership
skills came from the athletic arena,” Jackson told the Washington Post in 1984.
“In many ways, they were developed from playing quarterback. Assessing
defenses; motivating your own team. When the game starts, you use what you’ve
got – and don’t cry about what you don’t have. You run to your strength. You
also practice to win.”
During college,
Jackson met his future wife Jacqueline, whom he married in 1962 and later had
five children with – Santita, Jesse Jr, Jonathan Luther, Yusef DuBois, and
Jacqueline Jr. He would later go on to have a sixth child, Ashley, during an
extramarital affair with Karin Stanford in the early 2000s.
Jackson first met
King, who would become his mentor, at an airport in Atlanta in the early 1960s.
King had followed Jackson’s student activism from afar for several years.
In 1964,
Jackson enrolled at the Chicago Theological Seminary, as he continued to be
involved in the civil rights movement. Jackson travelled with his classmates to
Selma, Alabama, to join the movement after he watched news footage of Bloody
Sunday, where nonviolent civil rights marchers who crossed the Edmund Pettus
Bridge in Selma, Alabama, were then beaten by law enforcement officers. Impressed
by Jackson’s leadership at Selma, King offered him a position with the civil
rights group that he co-founded, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC).
After a couple
of years, Jackson put his seminary studies on hold to focus on SCLC’s Operation
Breadbasket, an economic justice program that harnessed the power of Black
churches by calling on ministers to pressure companies to employ more Black
people through negotiations and boycotts. In 1967, Jackson became Operation
Breadbasket’s national director, and was ordained as a minister a year later.
“We knew he was
going to do a good job,” King said at an Operation Breadbasket meeting in 1968,
“but he’s done better than a good job.”
Tragedy struck
soon after Jackson gained a leadership position at SCLC. On 4 April 1968,
Jackson witnessed King’s assassination from below the balcony at the Lorraine
Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.
The experience
stayed with Jackson for the rest of his life. “Every time I think about it,
it’s like pulling a scab off a sore,” he told the Guardian in 2018. “It’s a
hurtful, painful thought: that a man of love is killed by hate; that a man of
peace should be killed by violence; a man who cared is killed by the careless.”
Following
King’s death, Jackson continued to work for SCLC until 1971, when he created
his own organization to improve Black people’s economic conditions, People
United to Save Humanity (Push). The organization hosted reading programs for
Black youth and helped them find jobs, and also encouraged corporations to hire
more Black managers and executives.
In 1984,
Jackson ran as a Democratic candidate for president, becoming the second Black
person to launch a nationwide campaign following Shirley Chisholm more than a
decade earlier.
“Tonight we
come together bound by our faith in a mighty God, with genuine respect and love
for our country, and inheriting the legacy of a great party, the Democratic
party, which is the best hope for redirecting our nation on a more humane,
just, and peaceful course,” Jackson told an audience at the 1984 Democratic
national convention in San Francisco, California.
“This is not a
perfect party. We’re not a perfect people. Yet, we are called to a perfect
mission. Our mission to feed the hungry, to clothe the naked, to house the
homeless, to teach the illiterate, to provide jobs for the jobless, and to
choose the human race over the nuclear race.” He lost the Democratic nomination
to former vice-president Walter Mondale, with the incumbent Republican
president Ronald Reagan ultimately winning the election.
After his first
presidential run, Jackson created the National Rainbow Coalition to push for
voting rights and social programs. In the mid-1990s, Jackson merged his two
organizations together to form the multiracial group Rainbow Push Coalition,
which focuses on educational and economic equality. Throughout the years, the
coalition has paid more than $6m in college scholarships, and gave financial
assistance to more than 4,000 families facing foreclosures so that they could
save their homes, according to their website.
Jackson ran for
the Democratic nomination for president a second time in 1988, performing
strongly but losing out to Michael Dukakis, the Massachusetts governor, who was
beaten heavily in the general election by George HW Bush.
In 2000, the
then president, Bill Clinton, awarded Jackson the nation’s highest civilian
honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his decades of work focused on
increasing opportunities for people of color.
Jackson took
King’s work forward, staying to the fore in the worldwide civil rights movement
through a tumultuous half-century of American history, through to the election
of Donald Trump and the rise of Black Lives Matter.
“Dr King
believed in multiracial, multicultural coalitions of conscience, not ethnic
nationalism,” Jackson said in 2018. “He felt nationalism – whether Black, white
or brown – was narrowly conceived, given our global challenges. So having a
multiracial setting said much about his vision of America and the world, what
America should stand for as well as the world.
“The arc of the
moral universe is long and it bends towards justice, but you have to pull it to
bend. It doesn’t bend automatically. Dr King used to remind us that every time
the movement has a tailwind and goes forward, there are headwinds.
“Those who
oppose change in some sense were re-energised by the Trump demagoguery. Dr King
would have been disappointed by his victory but he would have been prepared for
it psychologically. He would have said: ‘We must not surrender our spirits. We
must use this not to surrender but fortify our faith and fight back.’”
This article was amended on 16 February 2026
because an earlier version incorrectly suggested that the first Selma march,
known as Bloody Sunday, was led by Dr Martin Luther King Jr.